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	<title>Comments on: How Common Are Science Failures?</title>
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	<description>In a mad world, all blogging is psychiatry blogging</description>
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		<title>By: SUT</title>
		<link>http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/07/02/how-common-are-science-failures/#comment-140278</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[SUT]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2014 04:30:59 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[My contribution to falsified &#039;decided science&#039; is Sean Caroll&#039;s endorsement of no inter-breeding of neaderthal and h. sapien as &quot;demonstrated conclusively...in one of the really great contributions of genetics&quot; http://books.google.com/books?id=-SqwP8CLdIsC&amp;pg=PA261&amp;lpg=PA261&amp;dq=endless+forms+most+beautiful+sean+carroll+neanderthal&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=za2Kt2GNLA&amp;sig=DZ7m_CSmVRDYrl5I0JL0mr5xTo8&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=t_r_U5qYNoWUgwSZmoC4Dg&amp;ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=endless%20forms%20most%20beautiful%20sean%20carroll%20neanderthal&amp;f=false

Of course the book on human genetics was published in 2006 and I laughed going into it: how many claims in here are going to be known to be false to an amateur in 2014. All that aside, let&#039;s get to AGW - another area where many will be eating crow  in ten years time as observations emerge (although I can&#039;t tell you who).

Unlike any(?) example here, AGW is mainly a quantitative forecast, not a discovery of a quality of the way things came to be (human gene pool) or the way things are (Earth goes around the sun). This particular forecast is made in terms of decades to centuries in the future. It concerns a number: will Global temperature rise 0.5C, 1C, or 5C as we double CO2 by 2050. And as others have noted, the system under study is quite complicated, some say chaotic. And it involves extrapolation: how does climate behave when it is greatly outside any conditions we have ever observed.

To be as brief as possible: we leave the world of simple physics behind after the well agreed upon observation: 2x C02 -&gt; 4W forcing TOA * .25 (plank) -&gt; +1.0C warming. But most alarmists propose we should expect far greater warming than 1C, and that comes from internal positive feedback in Earth climate: so instead of 1C, many alarmist see it being multiplied by a factor of 2, 3, or 5 times over. The provenance of this number is solely from the domain of computer models trying to simulate climate.

The point is: severe (high positive feedback - the kind that keeps us up at night) AGW is not like any other science I&#039;ve seen mentioned in the post or comments. It&#039;s not experimentally driven; it&#039;s not derived in any formula: it&#039;s an output parameter from a computer simulation. The question to ask is not: &quot;When has science been wrong?&quot; but instead &quot;When has a simulation (100 years into the future) ever been right?&quot;]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>My contribution to falsified &#8216;decided science&#8217; is Sean Caroll&#8217;s endorsement of no inter-breeding of neaderthal and h. sapien as &#8220;demonstrated conclusively&#8230;in one of the really great contributions of genetics&#8221; <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=-SqwP8CLdIsC&#038;pg=PA261&#038;lpg=PA261&#038;dq=endless+forms+most+beautiful+sean+carroll+neanderthal&#038;source=bl&#038;ots=za2Kt2GNLA&#038;sig=DZ7m_CSmVRDYrl5I0JL0mr5xTo8&#038;hl=en&#038;sa=X&#038;ei=t_r_U5qYNoWUgwSZmoC4Dg&#038;ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&#038;q=endless%20forms%20most%20beautiful%20sean%20carroll%20neanderthal&#038;f=false" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=-SqwP8CLdIsC&#038;pg=PA261&#038;lpg=PA261&#038;dq=endless+forms+most+beautiful+sean+carroll+neanderthal&#038;source=bl&#038;ots=za2Kt2GNLA&#038;sig=DZ7m_CSmVRDYrl5I0JL0mr5xTo8&#038;hl=en&#038;sa=X&#038;ei=t_r_U5qYNoWUgwSZmoC4Dg&#038;ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&#038;q=endless%20forms%20most%20beautiful%20sean%20carroll%20neanderthal&#038;f=false</a></p>
<p>Of course the book on human genetics was published in 2006 and I laughed going into it: how many claims in here are going to be known to be false to an amateur in 2014. All that aside, let&#8217;s get to AGW &#8211; another area where many will be eating crow  in ten years time as observations emerge (although I can&#8217;t tell you who).</p>
<p>Unlike any(?) example here, AGW is mainly a quantitative forecast, not a discovery of a quality of the way things came to be (human gene pool) or the way things are (Earth goes around the sun). This particular forecast is made in terms of decades to centuries in the future. It concerns a number: will Global temperature rise 0.5C, 1C, or 5C as we double CO2 by 2050. And as others have noted, the system under study is quite complicated, some say chaotic. And it involves extrapolation: how does climate behave when it is greatly outside any conditions we have ever observed.</p>
<p>To be as brief as possible: we leave the world of simple physics behind after the well agreed upon observation: 2x C02 -&gt; 4W forcing TOA * .25 (plank) -&gt; +1.0C warming. But most alarmists propose we should expect far greater warming than 1C, and that comes from internal positive feedback in Earth climate: so instead of 1C, many alarmist see it being multiplied by a factor of 2, 3, or 5 times over. The provenance of this number is solely from the domain of computer models trying to simulate climate.</p>
<p>The point is: severe (high positive feedback &#8211; the kind that keeps us up at night) AGW is not like any other science I&#8217;ve seen mentioned in the post or comments. It&#8217;s not experimentally driven; it&#8217;s not derived in any formula: it&#8217;s an output parameter from a computer simulation. The question to ask is not: &#8220;When has science been wrong?&#8221; but instead &#8220;When has a simulation (100 years into the future) ever been right?&#8221;</p>
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		<title>By: Phil Goetz</title>
		<link>http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/07/02/how-common-are-science-failures/#comment-130872</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Phil Goetz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 05 Aug 2014 21:36:32 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Another example: For a long time biologists believed that animal cells can replicate indefinitely. Leonard Hayflick eventually proved that normal cells don&#039;t replicate indefinitely. (The cell lines in early studies were probably cancerous.)]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Another example: For a long time biologists believed that animal cells can replicate indefinitely. Leonard Hayflick eventually proved that normal cells don&#8217;t replicate indefinitely. (The cell lines in early studies were probably cancerous.)</p>
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		<title>By: Glen Raphael</title>
		<link>http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/07/02/how-common-are-science-failures/#comment-121575</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Glen Raphael]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 Jul 2014 16:44:53 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Adam Smith is still surprisingly relevant (and has nothing to do with Keynes). Modern-day protectionists often make the same sort of arguments that the mercantilists he was arguing against made back then. Many of his insights into how the market works haven&#039;t really been improved on since. And Smith was an honest debater so even in the places where he was wrong you can still learn something from following his reasoning process.

(I&#039;m told David Ricardo is even better in this regard but haven&#039;t yet gotten around to reading him.)]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Adam Smith is still surprisingly relevant (and has nothing to do with Keynes). Modern-day protectionists often make the same sort of arguments that the mercantilists he was arguing against made back then. Many of his insights into how the market works haven&#8217;t really been improved on since. And Smith was an honest debater so even in the places where he was wrong you can still learn something from following his reasoning process.</p>
<p>(I&#8217;m told David Ricardo is even better in this regard but haven&#8217;t yet gotten around to reading him.)</p>
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		<title>By: Glen Raphael</title>
		<link>http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/07/02/how-common-are-science-failures/#comment-121559</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Glen Raphael]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 Jul 2014 16:01:06 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Right, I&#039;m still convinced that minimum wage above the market-clearing level does (all else being equal) tend to reduce the quality and quantity of jobs. But we don&#039;t have to *decide* this one for it to work as an example - there was a HUGE consensus one direction until quite recently and since Card/Krueger there&#039;s been a pretty large push in the other direction...and the two views can&#039;t BOTH be right so at least one is wrong. Either view by itself fails on point 4, but the two views taken together probably work. (If you&#039;re on Krugman&#039;s side you think most of the field was wrong until 1992 and if you&#039;re not, you think a large chunk of the field is wrong today.)]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Right, I&#8217;m still convinced that minimum wage above the market-clearing level does (all else being equal) tend to reduce the quality and quantity of jobs. But we don&#8217;t have to *decide* this one for it to work as an example &#8211; there was a HUGE consensus one direction until quite recently and since Card/Krueger there&#8217;s been a pretty large push in the other direction&#8230;and the two views can&#8217;t BOTH be right so at least one is wrong. Either view by itself fails on point 4, but the two views taken together probably work. (If you&#8217;re on Krugman&#8217;s side you think most of the field was wrong until 1992 and if you&#8217;re not, you think a large chunk of the field is wrong today.)</p>
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		<title>By: Glen Raphael</title>
		<link>http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/07/02/how-common-are-science-failures/#comment-121409</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Glen Raphael]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 Jul 2014 10:05:56 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[I&#039;m an AGW skeptic and so far as I can tell, nearly everybody who calls themselves a skeptic and nearly everybody who has been called a &quot;denialist&quot; in the popular press is in that &quot;97%&quot;, not the &quot;3%&quot; (or whatever the relevant number is). The claim that people who doubt the severity of global warming are in the &quot;3%&quot; side is something that is merely asserted propagandistically - there&#039;s no evidence for it.

The original definition of &quot;the consensus&quot; was roughly: (1) CO2 is a greenhouse gas, (2) world temperature increased a bit in the last half of the last century, (3) human activity has been responsible for a &quot;significant&quot; proportion of recent warming. 

Whether you take an opinion poll or look at papers you can find a pretty high level of agreement on THAT sort of consensus, but it&#039;s because those points (especially that last one) are vague and innocuous enough that you can believe all of it and still not think it&#039;s *a problem* or think we know the exact *amount* or think this problem is *worth doing anything about*. Disagreeing with any of these out-of-frame contentions doesn&#039;t put one in the &quot;3%&quot; but still does get one labeled a &quot;denialist&quot; by partisans.

I think you&#039;ll be hard-pressed to find many climate skeptics who deny there has been some measured warming between, say, 1950 and 2000, who deny that humans have caused some measurable amount of past/recent warming (merely paving roads and planting crops could accomplish that, even setting aside CO2) or who deny that CO2 is a greenhouse gas. Certainly none of the high-profile ones fit that description. Can you name any?

Maybe we have different data sources, but I come across &quot;lukewarmers&quot; regularly and so far as I know I have yet to meet an actual &quot;denialist&quot;. It&#039;s a strawman.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m an AGW skeptic and so far as I can tell, nearly everybody who calls themselves a skeptic and nearly everybody who has been called a &#8220;denialist&#8221; in the popular press is in that &#8220;97%&#8221;, not the &#8220;3%&#8221; (or whatever the relevant number is). The claim that people who doubt the severity of global warming are in the &#8220;3%&#8221; side is something that is merely asserted propagandistically &#8211; there&#8217;s no evidence for it.</p>
<p>The original definition of &#8220;the consensus&#8221; was roughly: (1) CO2 is a greenhouse gas, (2) world temperature increased a bit in the last half of the last century, (3) human activity has been responsible for a &#8220;significant&#8221; proportion of recent warming. </p>
<p>Whether you take an opinion poll or look at papers you can find a pretty high level of agreement on THAT sort of consensus, but it&#8217;s because those points (especially that last one) are vague and innocuous enough that you can believe all of it and still not think it&#8217;s *a problem* or think we know the exact *amount* or think this problem is *worth doing anything about*. Disagreeing with any of these out-of-frame contentions doesn&#8217;t put one in the &#8220;3%&#8221; but still does get one labeled a &#8220;denialist&#8221; by partisans.</p>
<p>I think you&#8217;ll be hard-pressed to find many climate skeptics who deny there has been some measured warming between, say, 1950 and 2000, who deny that humans have caused some measurable amount of past/recent warming (merely paving roads and planting crops could accomplish that, even setting aside CO2) or who deny that CO2 is a greenhouse gas. Certainly none of the high-profile ones fit that description. Can you name any?</p>
<p>Maybe we have different data sources, but I come across &#8220;lukewarmers&#8221; regularly and so far as I know I have yet to meet an actual &#8220;denialist&#8221;. It&#8217;s a strawman.</p>
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		<title>By: Douglas Knight</title>
		<link>http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/07/02/how-common-are-science-failures/#comment-120752</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Douglas Knight]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 13 Jul 2014 02:27:01 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Yes, that is the distinction. Ernst Weber is an example of a psychologist whose work on perception has no application to psychiatry. So it&#039;s not a counterexample to psychiatry being dominated by Freud. And if Weber&#039;s work had displaced Freud, that would have been the worst failure I&#039;ve ever heard of.

But Chris didn&#039;t give Weber as an example, but gave Rogers and Maslow. Wikipedia agrees with Scott that they are psychologists. Maybe Maslow should count as a psychologist whose theories ought to influence psychiatrists. But Rogers simply was a psychiatrist. His whole career was devoted to designing psychotherapies.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Yes, that is the distinction. Ernst Weber is an example of a psychologist whose work on perception has no application to psychiatry. So it&#8217;s not a counterexample to psychiatry being dominated by Freud. And if Weber&#8217;s work had displaced Freud, that would have been the worst failure I&#8217;ve ever heard of.</p>
<p>But Chris didn&#8217;t give Weber as an example, but gave Rogers and Maslow. Wikipedia agrees with Scott that they are psychologists. Maybe Maslow should count as a psychologist whose theories ought to influence psychiatrists. But Rogers simply was a psychiatrist. His whole career was devoted to designing psychotherapies.</p>
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		<title>By: Aaron Brown</title>
		<link>http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/07/02/how-common-are-science-failures/#comment-120737</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Aaron Brown]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 13 Jul 2014 01:42:53 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[(I thought about &lt;a href=&quot;http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/07/02/how-common-are-science-failures/#comment-120632&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; a bit more.) I guess psychiatry is interested in helping people deal with mental problems and psychology is interested in the human mind in general? And I guess the thing most relevant to your response to Chris Hallquist is simply that they are separate fields that don&#039;t necessarily talk to each other a lot (or at least didn&#039;t in the days of Rogers and Maslow).]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>(I thought about <a href="http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/07/02/how-common-are-science-failures/#comment-120632" rel="nofollow">this</a> a bit more.) I guess psychiatry is interested in helping people deal with mental problems and psychology is interested in the human mind in general? And I guess the thing most relevant to your response to Chris Hallquist is simply that they are separate fields that don&#8217;t necessarily talk to each other a lot (or at least didn&#8217;t in the days of Rogers and Maslow).</p>
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		<title>By: Aaron Brown</title>
		<link>http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/07/02/how-common-are-science-failures/#comment-120632</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Aaron Brown]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 12 Jul 2014 20:56:48 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[&lt;blockquote cite=&quot;http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/07/02/how-common-are-science-failures/#comment-115962&quot;&gt;Psychology ≠ psychiatry.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Could you say what you think the essential differences are? (Of course I already know that a psychiatrist has a medical degree and can prescribe drugs.)]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote cite="http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/07/02/how-common-are-science-failures/#comment-115962"><p>Psychology ≠ psychiatry.</p></blockquote>
<p>Could you say what you think the essential differences are? (Of course I already know that a psychiatrist has a medical degree and can prescribe drugs.)</p>
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		<title>By: jubalsams</title>
		<link>http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/07/02/how-common-are-science-failures/#comment-119837</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[jubalsams]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Jul 2014 08:56:21 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Political reasons as well as financial reasons force some physisicists and engineers to proclaim unreasonable postulates. Note that I do not use the term THEORY.. we understand the difference between theory and postulate. Those in the know keep entropy and relativity and dynamics and philosophy in their writings, esp those in peer reviewed papers, I rarely see anything in Physics Today (a popularization) that postulates any crazy shit. Maybe in this non peer reviewed toss magizine they don&#039;t want to get a bad name: I hate to quote a recent paper: most carbon dioxide produced on the the planet earth comes from the soil (a definiate polotical phopa yet Phyics Today still published it). Did PT mean to debunk or what? Are they being cautious? Or just do they just like to publish a good read?

Sorry for my speling, i don&#039;r skenz engl too well.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Political reasons as well as financial reasons force some physisicists and engineers to proclaim unreasonable postulates. Note that I do not use the term THEORY.. we understand the difference between theory and postulate. Those in the know keep entropy and relativity and dynamics and philosophy in their writings, esp those in peer reviewed papers, I rarely see anything in Physics Today (a popularization) that postulates any crazy shit. Maybe in this non peer reviewed toss magizine they don&#8217;t want to get a bad name: I hate to quote a recent paper: most carbon dioxide produced on the the planet earth comes from the soil (a definiate polotical phopa yet Phyics Today still published it). Did PT mean to debunk or what? Are they being cautious? Or just do they just like to publish a good read?</p>
<p>Sorry for my speling, i don&#8217;r skenz engl too well.</p>
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		<title>By: monolith94</title>
		<link>http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/07/02/how-common-are-science-failures/#comment-119467</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[monolith94]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 10 Jul 2014 16:35:32 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[This is my favorite reason-for-banning that I&#039;ve heard in a long while, due to its clarity, bluntness, and amusingness.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This is my favorite reason-for-banning that I&#8217;ve heard in a long while, due to its clarity, bluntness, and amusingness.</p>
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